Automotive 12V/48V Low-Voltage Lithium-ion Battery/Sodium-ion Battery Industry Research Report, 2026
Research on 12V/48V automotive low-voltage lithium-ion (sodium-ion) batteries: promoted by regulations and standardization, it is imperative to "replace lithium-ion (sodium-ion) batteries with lead-acid batteries"
On the one hand, the automotive low-voltage power supply mainly provides power supply to the electrical equipment in the vehicle, including windows, lighting, lights, clusters and various controllers; on the other hand, it provides power supply to the engine starter. For vehicle models with different energy types, the role of 12V/48V automotive power supply will be slightly different, mainly depending on whether it needs to supply power to the engine starter and its charging method.
Whether it is a traditional fuel vehicle or a new energy vehicle, it is inseparable from the support of low-voltage batteries. The high load of automotive electronic systems and the realization of safety functions all rely on the stable power supply of low-voltage batteries.
In the field of fuel vehicles, each vehicle is equipped with 1-2 low-voltage systems, of which a 12V low-voltage start-stop battery system is standard and is used to power start-stop functions and automotive equipment. Some mid-to-high-end OEMs, such as BMW and Audi, have further added 48V fuel-saving battery systems to improve the energy-saving performance and emission compliance capabilities of fuel vehicles.
In the field of new energy vehicles, each vehicle is equipped with a low-voltage system with a voltage of 12V or 48V. This system is mainly responsible for providing stable power supply for power battery relay switches, autonomous driving equipment, entertainment equipment, automotive electrical appliances, lighting and clusters. Overall, the 12V low-voltage battery has four main functions: first, it starts the vehicle; second, it serves as a redundant power source after the vehicle starts; third, it provides power to the vehicle's low-voltage electrical appliances; and fourth, it provides power to the vehicle after it is turned off.
A typical 12V lead-acid starting battery for a passenger car has a capacity of 0.6 kWh to 1.0 kWh. However, since the usable capacity of a lead-acid battery is generally only 30%–50% of its nominal capacity (due to the damage caused by deep discharge), the actual usable energy is far lower than the theoretical value. Lead-acid batteries are mainly used to start the engine and maintain power supply for low-voltage electrical appliances in the vehicle. It is not recommended to use high-power electrical appliances after the engine is turned off for a long time to avoid power loss.
Compared with the traditional lead-acid battery start-stop battery, the LiFePO4 battery volume is 2/3 of the same capacity lead-acid battery, and the quality is 1/3 of the same capacity lead-acid battery; in terms of cycle life: the cycle life of the lead-acid battery start-stop battery is 400-600 times, and the cycle life of the LiFePO4 battery is about 2000 times. Its advantages are long life, small size, light weight, environmental protection and pollution-free. The current biggest obstacle lies in high cost.
In fuel vehicles, low-cost, safe and reliable 12V batteries such as AGM/EFB batteries are still indestructible. It will become a trend for mid-to-high-end new energy OEMs to gradually phase out start-stop lead-acid batteries and transfer to low-voltage lithium-ion batteries.
12V automotive low-voltage lithium-ion batteries: Driven by regulations, mid- to high-end new energy vehicles are rapidly replacing lead-acid batteries with lithium-ion batteries in terms of 12V starting batteries.
Starting from July 2023, the EU New Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 gradually replaced Directive 2006/66/EC. To minimize the harmful impact of batteries on the environment, the new regulation will be implemented simultaneously in all member states.
For the first time, the new regulation covers the entire lithium-ion battery life cycle (from the extraction of raw materials to production, design, labeling, traceability, collection, recycling and reuse). The regulation applies to all types of batteries put on the market or put into use within the EU (except for military, aerospace, nuclear energy and other special purposes), mainly including the following five types of batteries:
Portable batteries (non-industrial use, sealed and weighing not more than 5kg)
Starting, lighting, ignition batteries (SLI batteries)
Electric vehicle batteries (EV batteries)
Light vehicle batteries (LMT batteries)
Industrial batteries (batteries designed for industrial use or intended for industrial use after reuse, or other batteries weighing more than 5kg)
Batteries need to meet the content limits for harmful substances such as lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, cadmium and other harmful substances in Annex XVII of Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) and the EU End-of-Life Vehicles Directive (2000/53/EC).
In the EU New Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, lead is one of the hazardous substances that are under key control. It has also been restricted in the EU Battery Directive 2006/66/EC, but it has not been completely banned. However, the Eu’s requirements such as high proportion of recycled materials, recycling efficiency goals, Annex XVII of Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) and the EU End-of-Life Vehicles Directive (2000/53/EC) are actually forcing lead-containing batteries to gradually withdraw from the market. It will have an important impact on automobile 12V lead-acid battery starting batteries and gradually promote the use of 12V low-voltage lithium-ion batteries in cars.
The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) has launched "UNE EN IEC 63118-1:2024 12V rechargeable lithium-ion batteries for automotive starting, lighting, ignition (SLI) applications and auxiliary purposes - Part 1: General requirements and methods of test", which specifies the general tests and requirements for the performance of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries with a nominal voltage of 12V permanently installed on non-propulsion road vehicles. This document covers the replacement of non-propulsion secondary batteries permanently installed in road vehicles. The following are typical applications using batteries within the scope of this document: power supply for internal combustion engine starting, lighting, stop and start functions, automotive auxiliary equipment and energy absorption for brake regeneration.
China is also promoting the standardization of 2V low-voltage lithium-ion batteries. The recommended national standard "12V Rechargeable Lithium-ion Batteries for Automobile Starting, Lighting, Ignition (SLI) Applications and Auxiliary Purposes - Part 1: General Requirements and Test Methods" has been established, and the draft is scheduled to be completed in 2026. The standard is formulated to respond to the trend of new energy vehicles and smart connectivity, where 12V low-voltage lithium-ion battery systems will gradually replace traditional lead-acid batteries. Previously, OEMs had different technical standards. The introduction of this standard will unify industry norms, ensure product quality, and promote the healthy development of the low-voltage lithium-ion battery industry.
At present, CATL, BYD, EVE, Wanxiang A123, Zhuhai CosMX and other leading companies are deploying in the field of 12V lithium-ion batteries which are significantly lighter and smaller than lead-acid batteries, and require no maintenance for their entire lifespan. BYD has completely adopted LiFePO4 batteries for the starting batteries of plug-in hybrid vehicle models instead of lead-acid batteries. The Tesla Model S Plaid, the new Model X, the Chinese performance version of Model Y, etc. have also replaced 12V lead-acid batteries with 12V lithium-ion batteries.
In May 2024, BYD announced that it would fully promote the replacement of lead-acid batteries with lithium-ion batteries as 12V starting batteries in all of its DM-i hybrid models, marking that its low-voltage battery technology entered a stage of full maturity and popularization. More than millions of BYD plug-in hybrid cars have been equipped with LiFePO4 starting batteries.
SAIC has laid out low-voltage lithium-ion battery management applications and has installed them in vehicle models such as IM. OEMs have chip localization requirements for auto parts, and require pre-research on localized replacement of low-voltage lithium-ion battery management applications involving MCUs, power chips, power supply chips, half-bridge driver ICs, AFEs, etc.
SAICEC’s low-voltage lithium-ion battery management (LVBM) solution:
Lithium-ion battery voltage and current measurement, PCB temperature sampling, lithium-ion battery SOC (State of Charge) calculation, lithium-ion battery SOH (State of Health) calculation, lithium-ion battery charge and discharge management;
Passive cell voltage equalization, power topology working mode management, over-current shutdown protection, self-learning and correction of SOC, SOH and other algorithms, and sleep wake-up management;
Based on the diagnostic refresh function of UDS and ASIL-B, the discharge path always-on functional safety level hits ASIL-D, with high reliability and a high chip localization rate (nearly 100%).
12V/24V automotive low-voltage sodium-ion batteries: Chinese companies take the lead in establishing an international standard for 12V sodium-ion batteries for automotive start-stop applications, and the application of automotive low-voltage sodium-ion batteries is accelerating.
In the context of the shortage of lithium resources and the abundant reserves of sodium resources around the world, the replacement of lithium-ion batteries by sodium-ion batteries has gradually become a focus of research in the new energy industry. Since sodium-ion batteries have shown their potential excellent performance improvement in terms of low-temperature performance, over-discharge resistance, safety and environmental protection, they are considered to be one of the potential alternatives to lithium-ion batteries and have broad application prospects.
Compared with lithium-ion batteries, the advantages of sodium-ion batteries include:
Abundant resources and low cost: Compared with the scarcity of lithium ions, sodium-ions have more abundant energy storage in earth crust elements, so the cost is low and can be a good supplement to lithium-ion batteries. In addition, the positive and negative electrodes of sodium-ion batteries are made of aluminum foil, which can further reduce costs;
Wide temperature resistance: high capacity retention rate in the temperature range of -40℃~80℃;
Fast charging and good rate capability: The same concentration of sodium-ion battery electrolyte has higher ion conductivity than lithium-ion battery electrolyte. At the same time, sodium-ions have lower solvation energy in polar solvents, giving them faster kinetic properties in the electrolyte and higher conductivity;
Ultra-long cycle: 20,000+ cycles have been achieved and 30,000+ cycles will be achieved in the future;
Safety: sodium-ion batteries can be stored and transported at zero voltage, with no transportation safety risks. In the event of a short circuit, they have little self-heating heat and no hidden dangers such as fire/explosion;
Production: they have similar working principles and material composition as lithium-ion batteries, and their production experience and equipment can be partially compatible.
The international standard for automotive start-stop sodium-ion batteries has been officially established, with Chinese companies taking the lead. On October 10, 2025, the IEC/TC21 International Conference on New Sodium-Ion Battery Standards was held in Wuhan, Hubei. This conference focused on the new international standard "12V sodium-ion batteries for automotive start-stop applications - Part 1: General requirements and experimental methods" proposed by Camel Group, Tianneng Battery, Jujiang Group, etc. This is also the first China-led proposal for a 12V sodium-ion battery standard for automotive start-stop applications. The proposal has recently been voted by the member states of the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee on Storage Cells and Batteries (IEC/TC21), and was unanimously approved by the 17 P member states (active members) who participated in the voting.
So far, sodium-ion batteries have been applied in batches in energy storage power stations, two-wheeled electric vehicles, automotive start-stop power supply and other fields, and the "lithium-sodium hybrid" solution mixed with lithium-ion batteries is being explored. The EU still plans to maintain the sales of fuel vehicles in the long term, so that the popularity of start-stop systems will continue to increase and accelerate the global layout of sodium-ion batteries.
In the field of low-voltage power supply, sodium-ion batteries will compete fiercely with LiFePO4 batteries. The average price of sodium-ion battery cells in 2025 was RMB0.52/Wh. Based on the development of lithium-ion batteries, 50% of the future cost reduction will come from material system optimization and 30% from large-scale production; with the large-scale release of production capacity from 2026, the price of sodium-ion batteries is expected to drop by about 30% within two years. By 2027, the cost may be lower than that of LiFePO4 batteries in some scenarios. It is expected to drop to RMB0.25/Wh in 2030.
In May 2025, Camel Group unveiled its power-type 46145 large cylindrical sodium-ion battery which can achieve 10C continuous discharge, has a product capacity of 18Ah, a cycle life of more than 3,000 times, and an operating temperature of -40℃~+65℃. It is mainly used in fields such as start-stop power supply and shows good high-rate discharge performance, long cycle life and wide temperature adaptability. At the same time, the delivery of 12V 40Ah cylindrical sodium-ion battery prototypes to Chery and the finalization of the 24V 170Ah solution marked the real transition of Camel Group's sodium-ion battery technology from laboratory research and development to engineering application.
48V automotive low-voltage lithium-ion batteries: From traditional 48V mild hybrid electric vehicles (MHEVs) to new energy vehicle 48V PND (low-voltage power supply network)
In MHEVs, the main low-voltage rails for powering the E/E systems still have 12V, requiring large bidirectional converters between the 48V and 12V rails, which significantly increases costs. In contrast, HEVs, PHEVs and BEVs can use high-voltage batteries to create 48V low-voltage rails to power the E/E systems.
Especially in today's electric vehicles and autonomous vehicles, there are more and more electrical loads ranging from hundreds to thousands of watts: from high-power air conditioners and heated seats to autonomous driving domain controllers and computing platforms. A 12V system not only has huge current, but also has thick and heavy wiring harnesses, and power consumption and costs are soaring. 48V PND reduces the current to a quarter under the same power, making the wire harness thinner, lighter and with lower loss. According to the P=UI principle, current reduction brings two major direct benefits - energy efficiency improvement and cost reduction.
New energy vehicles (BEVs) will further introduce 48V PND (low-voltage power supply network) and integrate with zonal architecture to ensure these increased power load requirements.
Regulations are one of the key factors driving 48V PND to scale. As the subsequent 48V PND standard, ISO 25769 is expected to be released around 2028. The standard is expected to reduce maximum voltage requirements, as well as transient voltage, make them more suitable for the working environment requirements of 48V domain controllers. The standard will also quickly promote the maturity of 48V architecture solutions.
Standard: ISO 25769 "Road vehicles - Electrical requirements and tests for electrical and electronic systems and components with a supply voltage of 12 V, 24 V and 48 V".
Core goal: Establish unified electrical requirements and test methods for automotive electrical/electronic systems at three voltage levels: 12V, 24V, and 48V to replace and upgrade existing scattered standards.
Applicable scope: 12V/24V/48V systems and their components powered by generators, alternators or DC/DC converters, including wiring harnesses, connectors, controllers, actuators, etc.
The standard is currently in the Working Draft (WD) stage, with significant progress occurring in mid-to-late 2026: The Committee Draft (CD) submission is planned. Around 2028, it is expected to be officially released.
In order to support the work of ISO/TC 22/SC 32 (Electrical and electronic components and general system aspects) which is the ISO sub-technical committee under Technical Committee 22 (Road vehicles), the 31st meeting of ISO/TC22/SC32/WG2 was successfully held in Tianjin from January 26 to 30, 2026. The meeting focused on the feedback from various countries about ISO/WD 25769 "Road vehicles - Electrical requirements and tests for electrical and electronic systems and components with a supply voltage of 12 V, 24 V and 48 V" in the WD phase. ISO/WD 25769 has 3 parts, among which
"Part 2: Systems and components powered by DC/DC converters" are led by China and Germany jointly;
“Part 1: General provisions” and “Part 3: Systems and components powered by generators or alternators” are led by Sweden;
According to the work plan, the three international standards will enter the Committee Draft (CD) submission in mid-to-late 2026 and will be officially released in 2028.
Currently, only Tesla has mass-produced 48V PND (low-voltage power supply network) globally at this stage, and Tesla’s battery-electric pickup truck - Cybertruck has upgraded its auxiliary battery system from the original 12V to 48V.
The 48V low-voltage lithium-ion battery of Cybertruck is arranged in the middle area of ??the front cabin and is fixed to the vehicle through two bolts. The torque of the bolts is 8Nm.
The 48V lithium-ion battery is provided by Zhuhai CosMX. The 48V power supply uses 4Ah cells configured as 1P13S, with a rated voltage of 41.6V. This gives a nominal voltage of 3.2V per cell, indicating they are LiFePO4 cells.
1 Definition of Automotive Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries/Sodium-Ion Batteries
1.1 Definition of Automotive Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries/Sodium-Ion Batteries
Development History of Automotive Low-Voltage PDN Architectures
Definition of Automotive Low-Voltage Power Supply
Function of Automotive Low-Voltage Power Supply
Comparison between Automotive Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries and Lead-Acid Batteries
Capacity of Traditional Automotive Lead-Acid Batteries
Development Prospects and Terminal Demand of Automotive Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries
Application Trends of Automotive Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries
Development Background of Automotive Low-Voltage Sodium-Ion Batteries
Development Prospects of Automotive Low-Voltage Sodium-Ion Batteries
1.2 Automotive Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery/Sodium-Ion Battery Market: Automotive Data Statistics And Forecast
1.2.1 OEM Market: Global and Chinese Passenger Car and New Energy Passenger Car Sales Volume Forecast
Passenger Car and New Energy Passenger Cars Sales Volume (Overall, Each Continent), 2022-2030E
China's Passenger Car and New Energy Passenger Cars Sales Volume (Export, Local), 2022-2030E
1.2.2 OEM Market: China's Commercial Vehicle and New Energy Commercial Vehicle Sales Volume Forecast
China's Passenger Car and New Energy Commercial Vehicle Sales Volume (Export, Local), 2022-2030E
1.2.3 AM: China’s Automotive AM and AM Low-Voltage Battery Capacity Forecast
China’s Domestic Car Ownership and Low-Voltage Battery Demand, 2022-2030E
2 Automotive Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery/Sodium-Ion Battery Market Segments and Product Solutions
2.1 Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery Market Segments (1): 12V lithium-ion batteries replace traditional 12V lead-acid batteries
2.1.1 12V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries: Driving Factors, Policies and Standards
12V Driving Factors for Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery Industry: European automotive battery regulations gradually promote 12V lithium-ion batteries to replace 12V lead-acid batteries
Promulgation of EU New Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542
Key Points of EU New Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 (1)
Key Points of EU New Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 (2)
Key Points of EU New Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 (3)
Key Points of EU New Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 (4)
EU New Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542: Interpretation (1)
EU New Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542: Interpretation (2)
EU New Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542: Interpretation (3)
Impact of EU New Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 on 12V Starting Batteries: Is lead officially and completely restricted?
Global/EU Standard for Automotive 12V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries: EN IEC 63118-1:2024
Chinese Standard for Automotive 12V Lithium-Ion Batteries: 12V Rechargeable Lithium-ion Batteries for Automobile Starting, Lighting, Ignition (SLI) Applications and Auxiliary Purpose
Chinese Standard for Automotive 12V Lithium-Ion Batteries: 12V Rechargeable Lithium-ion Batteries for Automobile Starting, Lighting, Ignition (SLI) Applications and Auxiliary Purpose
2.1.2 12V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries: Market Demand Forecast
Global Passenger Car 12V Low-Voltage Lead-Acid Battery/Lithium-Ion Battery/Sodium-Ion Battery Demand and Market Size, 2022-2030E
2.1.3 12V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries: Typical Products and Solutions
BYD’s 12V LiFePO4 Starting Battery
BYD’s 12V LiFePO4 Starting Battery: Specifications
Tesla is equipped with CATL's 12V LiFePO4 Starting Battery
Tesla’s 12V LiFePO4 Starting Battery: Specifications
BMW’s 12V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery
FairBlu’s Yew Series 12V Low-Voltage Start-Stop Batterie
EVE’s 12V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery
Wanxiang A123 Systems’ 12V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery
2.1.4 12V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries: BMS Solutions
SAIC Motor (BMS): SAICEC’s Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery Management (LVBM) Solution
Jingwei Hirain: 12V Lithium-Ion Battery Management System
EVE (BMS) - FORVIA HELLA & EVE: 12V Lithium-Ion Battery Management System
WPI Group (BMS): 12V BMS Solution Based on Various NXP Chips
Silergy: 12V Lithium-Ion Battery Chip Solution
GZLG: Intelligent Battery Sensor (IBS) Solution
Camel Group (BMS): 24V Commercial Vehicle Lithium-Ion BMS
CATL (BMS): 24V Heavy Truck BMS
2.1.5 12V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries: Optimization and Innovation Of Battery Materials in the Lead-To-Lithium Process
Optimization and Innovation Of Battery Materials in the Lead-To-Lithium Process
12V Lithium-Ion Battery Material Innovation: Asahi Kasei’S Latest Acetonitrile Electrolyte Technology
12V Lithium-Ion Battery Material Innovation: UltraPhosphate?
2.1.6 12V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries: Virtual Physical Batteries
New 12V Lithium-Ion Battery PDN Architecture - Disadvantages of Traditional Physical Batteries
New 12V Lithium-Ion Battery PDN Architecture - Virtual Batteries Replace 12V Batteries
New 12V Lithium-Ion Battery PDN Architecture - Virtual Batteries Replace 48V Batteries
2.2 Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery Market Segments (2): xEV 48V PDN (Low-Voltage Power Supply Network)
2.2.1 xEV 48V PDN (Low-Voltage Power Supply Network): Driving Factors, Policies and Standards
48V Low-Voltage Power Supply Network Architecture VS 12V Low-Voltage Power Supply Network Architecture
Classification of 48V Low-voltage PDN Applications: MHEV, HEV, PHEV and BEV
Driving Factors for xEV 48V PND (Low-Voltage Power Supply Network) Industry: Electrical Loads
Driving Factors for xEV 48V PND (Low-Voltage Power Supply Network) Industry: High-Performance Chassis Power Supply
48V Electrical Architecture Requirements
48V System Design Challenges: Safe Voltage Control
48V System Design Challenges: Energy Management
48V System Design Challenges: Arc Discharge & Grounding Failure
48V System Design Challenges: Dual Voltage System CAN Bus Communication & EMC
Summary of 48V Low-voltage PDN Standard System
International Standards: ISO 25769 Is Expected to Be Released around 2028
International Standards: International Division of Labor of ISO/WD 25769
International Standards: ISO 21780:2020 Road Vehicles - Supply Voltage of 48V - Electrical Requirements and Tests (1)
International Standards: ISO 21780, Automotive 48V System Voltage Specification
International Standards: VDA 450
International Standards: ISO 21780:2020 Road Vehicles - Supply Voltage of 48V - Electrical Requirements and Tests (2)
International Standards: ISO 16750-2: 2023 Road Vehicles - Environmental Conditions and Testing for Electrical and Electronic Equipment - Part 2: Electrical Loads
International Standards: Challenges for BEV 48V Design - Transient Voltage
International Standards: Further Formulation of 48V Creepage and Clearance Specifications and Standards
European Standards: EU LV124
European Standards: EU LV148
Chinese Standards: Recommended National Standard GB/T45120-2024 "Road Vehicles - Supply Voltage of 48 V - Electrical Requirements and Tests"
Chinese Standards: National Standard GB18384-2020 "Safety Requirements for Electric Vehicles"
2.2.2 xEV 48V PDN (Low-Voltage Power Supply Network): Key Technologies and Architectural Features
Potential Challenges in the Transition from 12V to 48V
48V PND Component Innovation: Modules That Should Be Adjusted for the Development from 12V to 48V Architectures
48V PND Component Innovation: From Centralized Power Distribution to Distributed Power Distribution
48V PND Component Innovation: Modular Power Distribution Solutions for Hybrid and Battery-Electric Vehicles
48V PND Component Innovation: High-Efficiency DC-DC Converters
48V PND Component Innovation: New ChiP Power Supply Module
48V PND Component Innovation: 48V Power Supply (Battery)
Key Technologies of 48V PND Electrical Architectures
48V PND System Architecture Design: Three Types of Mainstream Architectures
48V PND System Architecture Design: In the first stage, 48V network becomes the backbone, and 12V network is still largely retained (the mainstream in the short and medium term)
48V PND System Architecture Design: 48V Power Supply Network Topology and Functional Modules
48V PND System Design: 48V Electrical Architecture Topology Technology Route
48V PND System Design: Impact on Supply Chain
48V PND Electrical Architecture: Technical Challenges
48V PND Electrical Architecture: Cost Changes
48V PND Electrical Architecture: Cost-Benefit Assessment
48V PND Electrical Architecture: Industrialization
2.2.3 xEV 48V PDN (Low-Voltage Power Supply Network): Market Demand Assessment and Forecast
Mass Production Evaluation of 48V Low-Voltage Power Supply Network (PDN)
Sales Volume of New Energy Passenger Cars with 48V Low-Voltage Power Supply Network Architectures, 2024-2030E
Global New Energy Passenger Car 48V PDN (Low-Voltage Power Supply Network) Lithium-Ion Battery Demand And Market Size, 2022-2030E
2.2.4 xEV 48V PDN (Low-Voltage Power Supply Network): Typical Products and Solutions
Some Parameter Requirements Related to 48V Battery Packs
Tesla Cybertruck’s 48V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery
NIO ET9’s Chassis System Is Powered by 48V Power Supply
Installation Location of 12V and 48V Batteries in NIO ET9
Xiaomi Auto’s 48V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery: Design Concept
2.3 Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery Market Segments (3): 48V MHEVs
2.3.1 48V MHEV Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries: Driving Factors, Policies and Standards
Driving Factors for Development of 48V Mild Hybrid System
48V Mild Hybrid System Requires 2 Low-Voltage Systems (12V Lead-Acid Battery Low-Voltage Starting System + 48V Start-Stop System)
48V MHEV System Architecture
48V MHEV System: 48V Lithium-Ion Battery
48V MHEV System: DC-DC Converter
Chinese Standards: Recommended National Standard GB/T45120-2024 "Road Vehicles - Supply Voltage of 48 V - Electrical Requirements and Tests"
Chinese Standards: National Standard GB18384-2020 "Safety Requirements for Electric Vehicles"
Chinese Standards: "GB/T 40433-2021 Technical Requirements for Hybrid Power Supply of Electric Vehicles"
Chinese Standards: National Standard GB/T 28046 "Road Vehicles - Environmental Conditions and Testing for Electrical and Electronic Equipment”
2.3.2 48V MHEV Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries: Market Demand Forecast
Global Mild Hybrid Passenger Car (48V+BSG/ISG System) Sales Volume, 2023-2024
Global 48V Mild Hybrid Passenger Car Lithium-Ion Battery Demand And Market Size, 2022-2030E
48V Mild Hybrid-equipped Models on Sale in China (including imports), 2024
Models (including Imports) Equipped with 48V Mild Hybrid Systems, 2023
Typical Vehicle Models with 48V Mild Hybrid System in China
Core Parts Supply Chain of Vehicle Models with 48V Mild Hybrid System
2.3.3 48V MHEV Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries: Typical Products and Solutions
Changan Automobile - 48V Mild Hybrid Lithium-Ion Battery
Geely - 48V Mild Hybrid Lithium-Ion Battery
Mercedes-Benz - 48V Battery System
Volvo - 48V Mild Hybrid System: 48V Battery Pack, Supplied By Bosch
General Motors - 48V Mild Hybrid System: 48V Battery Pack, Supplied By Bosch
Lamborghini - 48V Mild Hybrid System (Supercapacitor)
Wanxiang A123 Systems - 48V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery
Camel - 48V Automotive Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery
Bosch - 48V Power Supply System: 48V Lithium-Ion Battery
SEVB’s Low-Voltage Battery - 48V Start/Stop System/High Power Battery
EVE - Third-Generation 48V Lithium-Ion Battery
2.3.4 48V MHEV Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries: BMS Solutions
48V MHEV BMS Suppliers and Product Applications
Jingwei Hirain - 48V MHEV Low-Voltage BMS
Wanxiang A123 Systems - 48V MHEV LOW-Voltage BMS
Innoscience - 48V GaN MHEV BMS Controller
Texas Instruments - 48V MHEV BMS Chip Solution
2.4 12/24V Low-Voltage Sodium-Ion Battery Market Segment
2.4.1 12/24V Low-Voltage Sodium-Ion Batteries: Driving Factors, Policies and Standards
Development Background of Sodium-Ion Batteries
Sodium-Ion Battery Technology Roadmap
Sodium-Ion Battery Industry Chain
Sodium-Ion Battery Application Scenarios
Comparison between Sodium-Ion Batteries and Lithium-Ion Batteries (unit: Wh/kg, mol/L, V, ℃)
Sodium-Ion Batteries Enter the Marketization Stage in the Automotive Field
Global Sodium-Ion Battery Shipments, 2025-2030E
Sodium-Ion Battery Application Market (by Terminal Application), 2024-2025
Sodium-Ion Battery Shipments (by Cathode Materials), 2024-2025
Sodium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials: Polyanion Is Expected to Become the Mainstream
Sodium-Ion Battery Anode Materials: Biomass Hard Carbon Is Still the Mainstream Application
Cost Composition Comparison between Sodium-Ion and Lithium-Ion Batteries, 2025
Sodium-Ion and Lithium-Ion Battery Cost, 2022-2030E
Low-Voltage Sodium-Ion Battery Start-Stop Market
The international standard for automotive start-stop sodium-ion batteries is officially established, with Chinese companies taking the lead
2.4.2 12/24V Low-Voltage Sodium-Ion Batteries: Market Demand Forecast
Global Passenger Car (OEM) 12V Low-Voltage Sodium-Ion Battery Demand and Market Size, 2022-2030E
Global and Chinese Automotive Starting Battery Replacement (AM) Demand
2.4.3 12/24V Low-Voltage Sodium-Ion Batteries: Typical Products and Solutions
Automotive Low-Voltage Sodium-Ion Batteries - Products and Technology Development of Major Suppliers
Camel Group - 12V/24V Automotive Low-Voltage Sodium-Ion Battery
Tianneng Group - Tianneng Tianna Start-Stop/Start Series Batteries
Clarios - 12V Automotive Sodium-ion Battery
FairBlu - Fir Series 48V Low-Voltage Sodium-Ion Start-Stop Batteries
CATL - 24V Naxtra Battery (Heavy Truck) & High-voltage Naxtra Battery
CATL - 24V Naxtra Integrated Battery (Heavy Truck)
Sail Battery - 12/24V Automotive Sodium-Ion Battery
SUDA - Third-Generation NFPP (Sodium Iron Phosphate Complex) Start-Stop Sodium-Ion Battery
SAIC Volkswagen applied for a patent for "a 12V sodium-ion battery and its preparation method"
Highstar Sodium-ion Battery - NFPP Start-Stop Battery
Dynavolt - Sodium-ion Cylindrical Battery Cell
CARKU - 12V Sodium-Ion Starting Battery
Qingna Technology - 12V Start-Stop Sodium-Ion Battery System
Aeson Power - Automotive Low-Voltage Sodium-Ion Battery
EAST Has Mass-Produced Polyanion-Based Sodium Start-Stop Battery Cells and Modular Sodium-Ion Start-Stop Batteries
3 OEM Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery/Sodium-Ion Battery Installation Solutions
3.1 Summary of OEM Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery/Sodium-Ion Battery Installation Solutions
OEM Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery Installation Solutions (1)
OEM Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery Installation Solutions (2)
OEM Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery Installation Solutions (3)
OEM Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery Installation Solutions (4)
3.2 Tesla
Equipped with CATL’s 12V LiFePO4 Starting Battery
Specifications of 12V LiFePO4 Starting Battery
Cybertruck Introduces 48V Lithium-Ion Batteries
Comprehensive Shift to 48V Low-Voltage Power Supply Network Architecture
48V Low-Voltage Power Supply Network Architecture: Development Plan
Evolution from 12V System to 48V System
48V Low-Voltage Architecture of Cybertruck
48V Low-Voltage Architecture: Component Innovation (1)
48V Low-Voltage Architecture: Component Innovation (2)
48V Low-Voltage Architecture: Component Innovation (3): Innovative Design of Body Control Module (BCM)
48V Low-Voltage Architecture: Component Innovation (4): 48V Component Redesign
48V Low-Voltage Architecture: Component Innovation (5): 48V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery System
48V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery System of Cybertruck
48V Low-Voltage Power Distribution Unit of Cybertruck
48V Control System of Cybertruck
48V Efuse Low-Voltage Smart Power Supply of Cybertruck
3.3 BYD
Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery Development Route
Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery Development Plan (12V with LiFePO4 batteries, HEV and 48V with ternary and LiFePO4 batteries)
12V LiFePO4 Starting Battery
12V LiFePO4 Starting Battery Development History
Next-generation 12V LiFePO4 Starting Battery
12V LiFePO4 Starting Battery: Installed below the Frame and above the Battery Module
12V LiFePO4 Starting Battery: Specifications
12V LiFePO4 Starting Battery: Performance
12V LiFePO4 Starting Battery: BMS
12V LiFePO4 Starting Battery: Development History (2016-2021)
48V Green Hybrid (Mild Hybrid) LiFePO4 Battery
3.4 ZEEKR
12V LiFePO4 Starting Battery: Specifications
12V LiFePO4 Starting Battery: Installation Position
48V Technology Layout: ZEEKR 9X is equipped with a 48V active anti-roll bar
48V Technology Layout: AI Digital Chassis Based on SEP
3.5 Xiaomi Auto
48V Architecture: Design Concept and Application
48V Architecture: Chassis System
48V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery: Design Concept
3.6 NIO
NT3.0 Platform: Next-generation Vehicle Digital Architecture Planning
ET9 - Digital Architecture Design of NT3.0
ET9 - Digital Architecture Design of NT3.0: Dual Redundant Low-Voltage Power Supply
ET9 - Digital Architecture Design of NT3.0: Chassis System with 48V Power Supply
ET9: Low-Voltage Power Supply Design Concept
ET9: The Front and Rear Intelligent Power Supply Units (IPU_F and IPU_R) pROVIDE POWER for Batteries
ET9: Electrical Topology of 12V and 48V Batteries
ET9: Installation Locations of 12V and 48V Batteries
3.7 XPeng
12V Architecture: X9 Uses a 12V LFP Starting Battery
12V Architecture: ZCU
3.8 GAC Group
bZ3X: Mutual Redundancy of 12V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery + 12V Lead-Acid Battery
bZ3X: Dual Battery Power Supply Redundancy, Dual ECU Cross Braking Redundancy
3.9 Changan Automobile
Classification of Next-Generation 48V PDN (Low-Voltage Power Supply) Architecture Forms
Prospects for Next-Generation 48V PDN Technology
48V Mild Hybrid Lithium-Ion Battery
3.10 Geely
48V Mild Hybrid Powertrain System
48V Mild Hybrid Lithium-Ion Battery
3.11 Chery
Hybrid Technology Planning
Kunpeng Fuel and Hybrid Development Strategy
48V Mild Hybrid System: 48V BSG Micro Hybrid System
48V Mild Hybrid System: 48V Lithium-Ion Battery
3.12 Dongfeng Motor
Prospects for Next-Generation 48V PDN Technology
3.13 Great Wall Motor
12V&48V Level 1 Intelligent Power Distribution System Design (1)
12V&48V Level 1 Intelligent Power Distribution System Design (2)
.........................
12V&48V Level 1 Intelligent Power Distribution System Design (6)
3.14 FAW Hongqi
48V Architecture: EPS
3.15 Mercedes-Benz
STAR3 E/E Architecture
STAR3 Dual Power Supply Architecture (12V Lead-Acid Starting Battery + 48V Lithium Battery Start-Stop Battery)
48V Low-Voltage Electrical System
48V Mild Hybrid System: 48V E-Active Body Control (E-ABC)
48V Mild Hybrid Battery System (1): Layout
48V Mild Hybrid Battery System (2): Battery Parameters
48V Mild Hybrid Battery System (3): Module Architecture
48V Mild Hybrid Battery System (4): BMS Board
48V Mild Hybrid Battery System (5): Battery Installation Location
3.16 BMW
Hybrid Route Planning
48V Mild Hybrid System: Mainly Used In Mild Hybrid Vehicle Models
48V Mild Hybrid Battery Pack Iteration
12V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery
3.17 Volvo
Hybrid Route Planning
48V Mild Hybrid System: Mainly Used In Mild Hybrid Vehicle Models
48V Mild Hybrid System: 48V Lithium-Ion Battery
48V Mild Hybrid System: 48V Lithium-Ion Battery Supplier
3.18 Lamborghini
48V Product Line and Design Concept
48V EPS
48V Mild Hybrid System: Super Capacitor
3.19 GM
48V Mild Hybrid System: System Architecture
48V Mild Hybrid System: Working Principle
48V Mild Hybrid System: Bosch Provides 48V Battery Packs
4 Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery/Sodium-Ion Battery Cell Suppliers
4.1 SEVB
Automotive Battery Layout and Technology Evolution
Automotive Battery Technology Roadmap and Evolution Strategy
Global Layout
Low-Voltage Battery - Automotive Low-Voltage Battery And Technical Concept
Low-Voltage Battery - 48V Start/Stop System/High Power Battery
Low-Voltage Battery - Automotive Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery
Automotive Sodium-Ion Battery (High-Voltage Power Battery Cell)
Power Battery Cell Customers
High-Voltage Battery - Solid-State Battery Layout
4.2 CATL
Automotive Battery Layout and Technology Evolution
Automotive Battery Technology Roadmap and Evolution Strategy
Profile
Global Layout
Low/High-Voltage Battery - Naxtra Battery
Low-Voltage Battery - 24V Naxtra Integrated Battery (Heavy Truck)
Low-Voltage Battery - 12V Lithium-ion Battery Technology
Freevoy Dual-Core Battery: Low-Voltage Dual-Core Architecture
4.3 FinDreams Battery (BYD)
Automotive Battery Layout and Technology Evolution
Automotive Battery Layout and Technology Evolution
Automotive Battery Technology Roadmap and Evolution Strategy
Power Battery - Installations And External Customers
Low-Voltage Battery - 12V Small LiFePO4 Battery
Low-Voltage Battery - LiFePO4 Starting Battery
12V Storage Battery
12V Battery
12V Battery Technology (1)
12V Battery Technology (2)
12V Battery Technology (3)
4.4 Camel Group
Financial Data in 2023-2025
Automotive Lead-Acid Battery/Lithium-Ion Battery Production Bases
Automotive Low-Voltage Battery and Technical Concept
Core Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery
Automotive Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery Solutions
12V Automotive Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery Development Plan
48V Automotive Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery
Commercial Vehicle Parking Lithium-Ion BMS
Automotive Low-Voltage Lead-Acid Battery Solution
Automotive Low-Voltage Lead-Acid Battery: New Energy Auxiliary Battery
Automotive Low-Voltage Lead-Acid Battery: Starting/Start-Stop Battery
Automotive Low-Voltage Sodium-Ion Battery
4.5 Zhuhai CosMX
Automotive Low-Voltage Battery Technology Concept
Market and Technology
Automotive Low-Voltage Battery
Automotive Power Supply Technology Development History
12V & 48V Dual Voltage Integrated System: MODACS
4.6 CALB
Automotive Battery Layout and Technology Evolution
Automotive Battery Technology Roadmap and Evolution Strategy
Overview and Customers
Development Route and Product Layout
4.7 Gotion High-tech
Automotive Battery Layout and Technology Evolution
Automotive Battery Technology Roadmap and Evolution Strategy
Research Base Layout
Low-Voltage Battery - IFP28148115A-52Ah Lithium-Ion Battery
4.8 EVE
Automotive Battery Layout and Technology Evolution
Automotive Battery Technology Roadmap and Evolution Strategy
Development History
Dynamic Storage Battery Layout and Customers
Automotive Power Supply Technology Development History
12V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery
Third-Generation 48V Lithium-Ion Battery
Low-Voltage Battery - FORVIA HELLA & EVE: 12V Lithium-Ion Battery Management System
4.9 Great Power
Automotive Battery Layout and Technology Evolution
Automotive Battery Technology Roadmap and Evolution Strategy
Low-Voltage Battery - 48100P LiFePO4 Battery (48V100AH)
4.10 Wanxiang A123 Systems
Automotive Low-Voltage Battery and Technical Concept
Low-Voltage Battery Cell Solution
Automotive Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery
12V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery
48V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery
48V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery: Iterative Upgrade Route
48V Micro Hybrid BMS
4.11 Tianneng Battery
Automotive Battery Layout and Technology Evolution
Battery Technology Roadmap and Evolution Strategy
Low-Voltage Battery
4.12 Sail Battery
Automotive Battery Layout and Technology Evolution
Battery Technology Roadmap and Evolution Strategy
Status Quo of Sodium-Ion Battery
Storage Battery - AGM H7
4.13 Clarios
Automotive Power Supply Technology Development History
12V Lithium-Ion Battery
12V Sodium-Ion Battery
4.14 Skyrich Power
Financial Data in 2023-2025
12V Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery
12V Automotive Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery
12V Motorcycle Starting Lithium-Ion Battery
24V 200Ah Heavy Truck Lithium-Ion Battery
5 Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery/Sodium-Ion Battery System And Solution Providers
5.1 Jingwei Hirain Technologies
Battery Management System Lineup
48V Lithium-Ion Battery Management System
12V Lithium-Ion Battery Management System
ZCU Power Distribution Solution
5.2 Bosch
48V Product Line and Design Concept
48V Power Supply System: 48V Lithium-Ion Battery
5.3 FORVIA HELLA
48V Vehicle Power Supply Architecture Design
48V PowerPack+ 12V Battery Solution
Successful Production of 48V Flatpack in China, integration of 48V Lithium-Ion Battery Pack and DC/DC
12V Lithium-Ion Battery Management System (BMS) Can Be Smoothly Upgraded to 48V
Intelligent Power Distribution Module (iPDM) is Adaptable to 48V Low-Voltage System
5.4 FairBlu
Yew Series 12V Low-Voltage Start-Stop Batteries (1)
Yew Series 12V Low-Voltage Start-Stop Batteries (2)
Yew Series 12V Low-Voltage Start-Stop Batteries (3)
Yew Series 12V Low-Voltage Start-Stop Batteries (4)
Fir Series 48V Low-Voltage Sodium-Ion Start-Stop Batteries
5.5 G-Pulse
Prospects for Next-Generation 48V PDN Technology
ZCU based on Infineon Aurix TC4x
Intelligent Power Distribution Solution Based on “1+1+N” Architecture
5.6 onsemi
48V Powertrain System/Starter Generator: Block Diagram of Main Drive, Power Supply and Interface Device of 8V Starter Generator
Low-Voltage Battery Development Path
48V Low-Voltage DC-DC Converter Module
Block Diagram of 48V-12V DC-DC Conversion Solution
48V Low-Voltage Power Distribution Solution
12V Low-Voltage Power Distribution Solution
5.7 NXP
48V Automotive Electrification Products
48V Product Line and Design Concept
48V Power Supply System: 48V BMS
48V Power Supply System: 48V Core BMS Chip
5.8 Innoscience
48V Power Supply System: 48V BMS Solution
5.9 Infineon
48V Product Line and Design Concept
48V Power Supply System: 48V Low-Voltage Electrical Architecture
48V Power Supply System: 48V Battery Management System (BMS)
48V Power Supply System: 48V-12V DC-DC Converter
GaN-on-Si Technology for 48V-12V DC-DC
5.10 STMicroelectronics
Next-Generation 48V PDN Technology Outlook
STMicroelectronics Has Built a Complete 48V System Product Matrix
48V Power Distribution Chip Solution
5.11 Gentherm
48V Product Line and Design Concept
48V Power Supply System: 48V Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management System (BTM)
48V Thermal Management System: 48V Air Cooling Solution
5.12 Meraki Integrated
48V Low-Voltage Electrical Architecture
Automotive Low-Voltage Electrical Architecture and Technical Concept
48V Power Distribution Solution